Which method is used to visualize and characterize local distortions after applying a map projection?

• A. Graticule
• B. Scale Factor
• C. Tissot's indicatrix
• D. Stereographic projection

Answer: (C)

Tissot's indicatrix visualizes local distortions by showing how infinitesimal circles around a point on the globe become ellipses on the map. The size and shape of each ellipse reveal the local scale factors in two perpendicular directions and their orientation, so you can see where lengths are stretched or compressed and how angles are preserved or distorted. If the ellipse is a circle, the projection is locally conformal at that point; if it’s elongated, you have directional distortion. This direct visual representation across the map is exactly what’s needed to visualize and characterize local distortions, unlike a graticule grid, a single scale factor, or a specific projection method.