Azimuth closure at an azimuth check point for a second-order, class II geodetic network is given by which formula?

• A. 1.7√N
• B. 3.0√N
• C. 4.5√N
• D. 10.0√N

Answer: (C)

The idea is that azimuth misclosures due to random observational errors scale with the square root of how many azimuths are involved. For a second-order, class II geodetic network, the standard tolerance for an azimuth closure at a check point is 4.5 times the square root of N, where N is the number of azimuth observations in that closure test. This gives the allowable azimuth error in arc seconds: α ≤ 4.5√N.

So the correct formula expresses the azimuth closure limit as 4.5√N arc seconds, reflecting the network’s precision class.